Digital feminism, or the utilisation of digital platforms to advocate for women's rights and gender equality, has fundamentally transformed advocacy landscapes worldwide. Through platforms such as social media, blogs and online forums, digital feminism addresses issues such as discrimination, cyber violence and economic disparities.

In Malaysia, the movement is gaining traction, particularly in addressing social justice and women’s rights holistically.

Globally, digital feminism has significantly contributed to movements like #MeToo. The initiative is a global movement that empowers individuals, particularly women, to share their experiences of sexual harassment and assault, raising awareness and fostering accountability for gender-based misconduct.

These platforms allow women from diverse backgrounds to share their experiences, initiating widespread discussions and compelling authorities to act. This trend is mirrored in Malaysia, where hashtags like #MakeSchoolASaferPlace and #AkuBukanDagang symbolise the courage of women standing against oppression in educational institutions and workplaces.

Nonetheless, the evolution of digital feminism faces several challenges. One prominent issue is cyber violence against women, including threats and online harassment.

In this context, Islamic teachings provide clear moral guidance. The Quran emphasises the importance of respectful interactions and prohibits actions that harm others, as stated in Surah Al-Hujurat (49:12): “And do not spy or backbite each other.” This principle underscores the moral responsibility of all digital users to maintain decorum and dignity in online engagements.

Economically, digital feminism highlights the need for equitable access to digital opportunities. In Malaysia, initiatives such as e-Usahawan and Go-eCommerce empower women, particularly in rural areas, to participate in digital entrepreneurship. This aligns with the Islamic ethos of supporting women’s contributions to family and society, exemplified by the life of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the respected entrepreneur and wife of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

From an educational perspective, digital feminism underscores the importance of inclusive digital literacy, especially for women and girls. While technology offers avenues to enhance education and skills, the digital divide continues to limit its potential.

The hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim” (Ibn Majah), highlights the universal importance of education, transcending gender.

Not at odds with Islamic values

Despite these advancements, digital feminism in Malaysia encounters resistance rooted in traditional norms and cultural perceptions. Feminist movements are often criticised for challenging established societal frameworks.

However, a closer examination reveals that digital feminism, when aligned with principles of justice, equality and human dignity, is not at odds with Islamic values. Surah An-Nahl (16:97) reinforces this: “Whoever does righteousness, whether male or female, while they are believers, We will surely cause them to live a good life.”

On a global scale, additional challenges include algorithmic biases that often suppress gender-related issues and conservative backlash against feminist content on digital platforms.

Addressing these challenges requires sustained dialogue among stakeholders, ensuring a balance between freedom of expression and moral accountability. In Malaysia, fostering an inclusive digital space for women demands collaboration among the government, private sector and civil society.

Need for all stakeholders to play a role

To effectively address the challenges of digital feminism in Malaysia, all stakeholders must play an active role. The government must strengthen legal frameworks to combat cyber violence and ensure swift action against online harassment.

Policies like the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 could be expanded to explicitly address gender-based digital abuse. Public campaigns should focus on promoting digital literacy and creating awareness of safe online practices. Schools and universities should incorporate digital literacy and gender sensitivity into their curricula.

Teaching young people about respectful online behaviour and the ethical use of technology can foster a safer digital environment for future generations.

Tech companies and social media platforms must address algorithmic biases and implement mechanisms to prevent the spread of harmful content.

Providing women with better representation in the tech workforce can help develop more inclusive digital tools and solutions.

NGOs and feminist organisations play a crucial role in providing support to victims of cyber violence and amplifying their voices. Collaborative campaigns between civil society groups and digital influencers can effectively challenge societal stigmas and promote equality.

Islamic scholars and community leaders can guide the integration of digital feminism with religious values, ensuring that advocacy efforts align with ethical principles.

Encouraging open discussions about women's rights within the framework of Islam can reduce resistance and foster broader acceptance.

Opportunity to advance women’s rights

In conclusion, digital feminism presents a significant opportunity to advance women’s rights in Malaysia and globally.

While challenges persist, collaborative efforts among government bodies, educational institutions, the private sector and civil society can create a safer, more equitable digital environment.

By anchoring advocacy efforts in ethical principles, including those derived from Islamic teachings, digital feminism can become a transformative force for social justice and gender equality in the digital age.

-- BERNAMA

Assoc Prof Dr Khairunneezam Mohd Noor is a Senior Lecturer in Da'wah and Islamic Management Programme, Faculty of Leadership and Management, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. He is also an Associate Fellow at the Islamic Science Institute (ISI), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.